Just Answers - Computers and Technology

There are many methods to convert decimal number into the corresponding binary. Only one famous method will be discussed here:

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

Converting decimal to binary:

The rules are as follows:

*You should start from the left most binary digit
*If the decim

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

al number is equal or greater than the place value (corresponding 2^number), then place the bit 1 and forward the difference to

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

the next digit on the right
*If the decimal number is less than the place value , then place the bit 0 and forward the num

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

ber as it is to the next digit on the right

Example:

Suppose you got the decimal number 170:

- 170 is greater than 128(2^7)

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

so the left most bit is 1 , get the difference 170-128=42
-forward 42 to the next digit
-42 is less than 64( 2^6), s

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

o place 0 and forward the number as it is (42) to the next step
-42 is greater than 32(2^5), so place 1 and forward the di

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

fference which is 42-32=10
-10 is less than 16(2^4), so place 0 and forward the 10 as it is
-10 is greater than 8(2^3

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

so place 1 and forward the difference which is 10-8=2
-2 is less than 4( 2^2) so place 0 and forward the 2 as it is

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

-2 is equal 2( 2^1) so place a 1 and forward the difference which is 2-2=0
-0 is less than 1(2^0) so place a zero and you'

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

e done

so the decimal number 170 is equal to the binary number 10101010

NOTE THE FOLLOWING:

*The right most place value is 2

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

^0

*Whenever you get a zero difference, all the next digits will be o's as zero will be less than 2^whichever number

*Only nu

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

mbers from 0-255 can be represented by 8 digits binary .Numbers greater than 255 will be represented by more bits. For example:

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

256 is represented by 9 digits: 100000000. In general 2^n -1 gives you the largest number that can be represented by n digits.

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

So in 8 digits binary, max. number is 2^8 -1= 255. In 9 digits binary, max.number is 2^9-1=511. So the range for 9 digits is fr

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

m 256-511. Starting from 512 ,10 digits will be required.And so on............

Converting binary to decimal:

An example about

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

this was already shown in the previous post.

00010110 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) + (1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

= 0) = 22 (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0)

This example shows that the binary number 00010110 is equal to the decimal number 22.

In gener

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

l , all the 0 bits will add up to zero , so just ignore them and add the 1's. Here is another example:

10101010= (1*27=128) +

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

(1*25 =32) + (1*23 = 8) + (1* 21 = 2) = 170

( we've already seen that 170 is = 10101010).

Cisco website

Cisco Academy Progra

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

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