Just Answers - Computers and Technology

A brief history of the establishment and growth of the system of assiging unique addresses to Web Sites on the Internet, that we now know as the Domain Name System (DNS).

The U.

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

S. Defence Information Systems Agency created the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) in 1972. This authority was responsible for assigning the unique address (string of n

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

umbers) for each computer connected to the Internet.

In 1983, the University of Southern California tested their Automated Domain Name System, in which readable names were used i

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

nstead of clumsy strings of numbers such as 657.239.038.6.

1985 was the birth of .com and domain names. These addresses mostly belonged to the US government, mainly military.

I

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

was not until 1990 that the Internet went commercial,and it was the following year, 1991 that the World Wide Web (WWW) was introduced. The first WWW software was created by Tim Be

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

rners-Lee.

In the following year, 1992,the U.S.'s National Science Foundation (NSF) granted an exclusive contract to Network Solutions Inc., to be the sole registrar for the Top L

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

evel Domain (TLD) names .com, .net, .org The NSF maintained a central database of domain names called WHOIS.

For each new Domain name a $100 fee was charged. This fee also allowe

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

d for a two-year Registration period. Each additional year after that was charged at the rate of $50.

The rate of domain name registrations in May of 1993 was reported as 400 per

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

onth. In September 1994, Network Solutions Inc., reported that it was registering domain names at the rate of 2,000 per month.

Network Solutions Inc.(NSI), maintained its monopoly

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

over TLD name registrations up until 1999. It was in that year that the U.S. Department of Commerce dismantled NSI's monopoly and opened up a competitive market for .com, .net

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

and .org domain names.

The rigid pricing, poor service and frustrating delays should now all be in the past with the now competitive service operating. Unfortunately, however, I

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

continue to hear stories of registrants (or resellers for registrants) charging like wounded buffaloes and giving lousy service. I give an example of this on my web site ianswebs

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

tes.info.

I have called this article 100 Million Domains.

At the time of writing this article, (first half of 2007), there are not 100 Million Domains. There is only a mere 65 mil

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

lion. But, when I give you an indication of the incredible growth of Domain Name Registrations, I am sure you will agree with me that we will soon reach the 100 Million Domains t

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

arget.

On the 6 March, 1997, the one millionth domain Name was registered. On 4 May the following year 1998 the two millionth domain name was registered. It was on 6 November the

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

same year that the three millionth doman name was registered.

9 March, 1999 saw the four millionth, and 29 May the five millionth. April the following year, 2000 saw the ten mi

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

lionth Domain name registered. And now in 2007, around the 65 millionth mark.

If you graph these statistics, you will see a very steeply rising curve. We may even reach the 100 M

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

illion Domains target by the time you read this article.

If you would like further details of the actual Domain Name milestones, I give them on my web site 100MillionDomains.com

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

The billions of Internet users everywhere are now able to shop for competitive pricing and great service. You are no longer limited to a monopoly of a single private provider. T

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

he big guys, the well known guys, are NOT necessarily the ones that offer the best prices and service. Shop around, look at what is offered by the various firms and at what price

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

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